发信人: dai (逝者如斯·天堂里亦当有青山碧水), 信区: Climbing
标 题: 关于高海拔适应的一篇文章
发信站: BBS 未名空间站 (Thu Jun 26 20:07:30 2008)

W.M. Keck Observatory
Adjustments to Altitude
by Larry Olsen & Andy Perala

The panoramic view from the summit of Mauna Kea offers stunning vistas of
the Big Island, the Pacific Ocean and interstellar space. But the view has a
price. The thin air of the 13,796- foot summit altitude often results in
unusual physiological responses. At this altitude, oxygen levels are
approximately 60% that of sea level. Even minor physical effort in this
rarefied air can leave one gasping for breath. Summit visitors and workers
should be aware of the nature of hypoxia - the deficiency of oxygen in the
air - and its effects on the human body.

Everyone who ascends to the 4,200-meter altitude of the summit of Mauna Kea
will experience hypoxia. Most effects are considered normal physiological
adjustments associated with ascent to high elevations. But there can be a
remarkable range of responses. Typical consequences of hypoxia include
increased respiration and heart rates, fluid release by the blood (edema),
increased blood volume to the brain and lungs at the expense of the
digestive and muscular systems, visual impedance (tunnel vision), and an
increase in alkaline blood pH. These symptoms may or may not lead to Acute
Mountain Sickness (AMS).

Observatory workers are trained to identify the symptoms and possible
complications of altitude. However, visitors and temporary summit workers
should also be aware of these symptoms. Lack of knowledge of some symptoms -
tunnel vision, vertigo - can lead to irrational fears or panic that may
exacerbate the situation. People may faint - which is not usually dangerous
except for the risk of hitting sharp or blunt objects during the collapse.

One of the earliest effects of hypoxia is impairment of judgement - similar
to mild intoxication. When visitors' stays are less than an hour, the
hypoxic symptoms experienced are usually only a mild headache or slight
disorientation. However, visits lasting more than an hour may lead to worse
symptoms that may be indicative of the onset of AMS - and the person
afflicted may not recognize the deterioration. Hence, it is critical to
recognize any worsening in an individual's behavior or condition.

At altitude, a very common reaction is increased urinary output. The body's
kidneys sense the lower level of oxygen immediately and kick into high gear.
The kidneys release a hormone, erythropoetin, that commands the bone marrow
to produce more red blood cells to increase the oxygen-carrying capacity of
the blood. To make room for the increased red cells, the body dumps fluid
from the blood - excess urine and collection of fluid in the body's tissues
are two direct results of these biological actions. On initial ascent, the
body dumps 10-15 percent of the blood supply's plasma. If a summit visitor
were to become fully acclimatized, a process that would take two weeks of
constant presence at altitude, the body's red-blood cell count would
increase 30-50 percent.

The summit of Mauna Kea is very dry - humidity levels can fall to five
percent or less. The mere act of exhaling expels moisture from the body.
Hence, the combination of the kidney's activities and the dry air can lead
rapidly to dehydration. It is imperative that a person drink water, juice or
a Gatorade-type fluid at the summit to avoid dehydration. Some people have
found the electrolytes in sports drinks (i.e., Gatorade, etc.) to be
beneficial in maintaining proper balance in the blood chemistry. The slight
headaches most people experience at the summit of Mauna Kea usually can be
treated effectively with aspirin, Tylenol or Ibuprofen.

Symptoms of the onset of AMS can include worsening headache, nausea, fatigue
, dizziness, acute tunnel vision, slurred speech, memory loss and/or
combinations of these. Headache is the most common symptom experienced - it
should be monitored closely as headaches can worsen rapidly. Children are
much more susceptible to suffering from AMS. In adults susceptibility
appears to be independent of age, sex or physical condition.

AMS results from the body's attempts to adjust to hypoxic stress; the
effects usually occur within 2-6 hours after ascent and then disappear
within 48 hours as the body becomes acclimatized to the altitude. Incidence
and severity of AMS are affected by speed of ascent, previous
acclimatization, altitude achieved and individual susceptibility. Twenty-
five individuals going to the summit at the same time will have 25 different
sets of responses; an individual going to the summit 25 different times
will have 25 different sets of responses. Currently, there is no known
method of predicting how your body will respond to altitude at any given
time.

An additional blood-chemistry alteration that is common at altitude results
from the decreased CO2 in the blood - due to increased respiration - which
causes the blood-pH level to rise. This results in impaired oxygen transport
and Cheyne-Stokes breathing, an irregular cycle of breath cessation and
rapid breathing. The kidneys sense the higher pH levels, and begin the
process of pulling bicarbonate from the blood. Inability to control blood pH
is one of the primary factors in causing the onset of AMS.

Edema is one of the more serious symptoms of AMS. Edemas result from the
body's blood supply dumping fluid (in order for the blood to carry more
oxygen), with most of the fluid concentrating in the lungs and cranial
cavity. This fluid build-up is often re-absorbed without ill effect.

Occasionally, fluid accumulates more rapidly than the body can absorb it.
The result is pulmonary or cerebral edema: two very serious conditions.
Pulmonary or cerebral edema can be fatal. Clinical studies have shown that
at an altitude of 14,000 feet, 0.5 percent of adults and 8 percent of
children under age 16 will suffer from pulmonary edema. Males and females
are equally affected.

In high altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE), the lungs become waterlogged, thus
increasing hypoxic symptoms to potentially critical levels, leading to
respiratory failure. A very rapid resting heartbeat (tachycardia), very
rapid breathing rate (tachypnea), chest pains (dyspnea) and cyanosis (blue
skin) are early indications of HAPE.

High altitude cerebral edema (HACE) is the result of fluid release in the
cranial space. Characteristics include intense headache, loss of
coordination (ataxia), and loss of sensory ability (obtundation) which can
lead to coma. HACE may progress very rapidly and is far more severe than
HAPE. Early symptoms are weakness, disorientation, irrational behavior and
hallucinations.

Although individuals unaccustomed to high altitude may experience more
distress than those who have become acclimatized, this is not always the
case. Non-acclimatized individuals may experience AMS early on, but more
serious problems are unlikely to arise until after several days of exposure.
Individuals who are already acclimatized are at risk for unusual and
potentially lethal fluid accumulation in the lungs if they descend to sea
level and then return rapidly to the summit. In effect, they lose their
acclimatization and may not realize it.

Any abrupt change in symptoms should be taken as a warning sign that AMS may
be accelerating toward one of these more dangerous conditions. Immediate
application of oxygen and descent will usually correct the problem.

The early identification of potentially serious symptoms is essential to
employee and visitor safety at the summit of Mauna Kea. In virtually all
circumstances, serious complications can be averted and are usually
reversible. When detection and prompt care are provided, AMS should not lead
to permanent damage.

CARA employees who regularly work on the summit are required to pass a high-
altitude medical exam. This is not a requirement for visitors or observing
teams. Individuals who are pregnant or under the age of 16 are prohibited
from visiting the observatory. It is highly recommended that individuals
with histories of coronary, cerebral or respiratory disease check with their
doctor before attempting to ascend to altitude.
--
当时明月在，曾照彩云归——


※ 来源:·WWW 未名空间站 海外: mitbbs.com 中国: mitbbs.cn·[FROM: 67.170.]


附件: hyalt.htm (9070 字节)

发信人: worm (一蓑烟雨任平生), 信区: Climbing
标 题: Re: 关于高海拔适应的一篇文章
发信站: BBS 未名空间站 (Thu Jun 26 20:30:49 2008), 转信

我坐车上去过，时间很短，从海平线一下子上到10000休息的时候，我已经感觉到了轻
微头痛，但是
还是好好看了一下只有那个地带才有的silversword, 后来继续到了天文台的时候，走
路就比较困难了，
明显呼吸困难，又极冷，只好时不时躲到车里休息一下再出来。

最高点其实离天文台所在还有一小段距离，走下一个小山坡再上去，我想了想，还是没
去。

夕阳极好，星空无比绚烂，还看到了难得的黄道光，很值。

【 在 dai (逝者如斯·天堂里亦当有青山碧水) 的大作中提到: 】
: W.M. Keck Observatory
: Adjustments to Altitude
: by Larry Olsen & Andy Perala
: The panoramic view from the summit of Mauna Kea offers stunning vistas of
: the Big Island, the Pacific Ocean and interstellar space. But the view has
a
: price. The thin air of the 13,796- foot summit altitude often results in
: unusual physiological responses. At this altitude, oxygen levels are
: approximately 60% that of sea level. Even minor physical effort in this
: rarefied air can leave one gasping for breath. Summit visitors and workers
: should be aware of the nature of hypoxia - the deficiency of oxygen in the
: ...................


--

※ 来源:·BBS 未名空间站 海外: mitbbs.com 中国: mitbbs.cn·[FROM: 70.178.]

发信人: dai (逝者如斯·天堂里亦当有青山碧水), 信区: Climbing
标 题: Re: 关于高海拔适应的一篇文章
发信站: BBS 未名空间站 (Thu Jun 26 20:33:09 2008), 转信

坐车上去肯定不行，升得太快了，有反应是必然的
我上次开车去pike's peak，差点死在上边:P

【 在 worm (一蓑烟雨任平生) 的大作中提到: 】
: 我坐车上去过，时间很短，从海平线一下子上到10000休息的时候，我已经感觉到了轻
: 微头痛，但是
: 还是好好看了一下只有那个地带才有的silversword, 后来继续到了天文台的时候，走
: 路就比较困难了，
: 明显呼吸困难，又极冷，只好时不时躲到车里休息一下再出来。
: 最高点其实离天文台所在还有一小段距离，走下一个小山坡再上去，我想了想，还是没
: 去。
: 夕阳极好，星空无比绚烂，还看到了难得的黄道光，很值。
: a


--
当时明月在，曾照彩云归——



※ 来源:·BBS 未名空间站 海外: mitbbs.com 中国: mitbbs.cn·[FROM: 67.170.]

发信人: worm (一蓑烟雨任平生), 信区: Climbing
标 题: Re: 关于高海拔适应的一篇文章
发信站: BBS 未名空间站 (Thu Jun 26 20:36:00 2008), 转信

嗯，是升得太快了，不过好歹在中间还休息了半个小时调整，要不然更加够呛。

pike's peak 我去年冬天坐火车上去的，突突突的开了老久，还是有点头晕。你开了多
长时间？zkss?

【 在 dai (逝者如斯·天堂里亦当有青山碧水) 的大作中提到: 】
: 坐车上去肯定不行，升得太快了，有反应是必然的
: 我上次开车去pike's peak，差点死在上边:P



--

※ 来源:·BBS 未名空间站 海外: mitbbs.com 中国: mitbbs.cn·[FROM: 70.178.]

发信人: dai (逝者如斯·天堂里亦当有青山碧水), 信区: Climbing
标 题: Re: 关于高海拔适应的一篇文章
发信站: BBS 未名空间站 (Thu Jun 26 20:45:01 2008), 转信

不记得了，不过反正是哗哗地就开上去了，一路还嫌限速太低

【 在 worm (一蓑烟雨任平生) 的大作中提到: 】
: 嗯，是升得太快了，不过好歹在中间还休息了半个小时调整，要不然更加够呛。
: pike's peak 我去年冬天坐火车上去的，突突突的开了老久，还是有点头晕。你开了多
: 长时间？zkss?


--
当时明月在，曾照彩云归——



※ 来源:·BBS 未名空间站 海外: mitbbs.com 中国: mitbbs.cn·[FROM: 67.170.]

发信人: worm (一蓑烟雨任平生), 信区: Climbing
标 题: Re: 关于高海拔适应的一篇文章
发信站: BBS 未名空间站 (Thu Jun 26 21:09:51 2008), 站内

:)


【 在 dai (逝者如斯·天堂里亦当有青山碧水) 的大作中提到: 】
: 不记得了，不过反正是哗哗地就开上去了，一路还嫌限速太低



--

※ 来源:·BBS 未名空间站 海外: mitbbs.com 中国: mitbbs.cn·[FROM: 70.178.]

发信人: dai (逝者如斯·天堂里亦当有青山碧水), 信区: Climbing
标 题: Re: 关于高海拔适应的一篇文章
发信站: BBS 未名空间站 (Wed Jul 2 03:07:32 2008), 转信

To Rainier climbers：
还有10天左右时间，需要开始为适应海拔作一些准备了：
1.加大饮水量，暂时戒掉咖啡
2.开始多休息，最后几天要travel，肯定影响体力。充足的睡眠能减轻高山反应。
3.准备一些Ginger Tea, Crystallized ginger，到了上面吃，
对减轻高山反应会有效果。


【 在 dai (逝者如斯·天堂里亦当有青山碧水) 的大作中提到: 】
: W.M. Keck Observatory
: Adjustments to Altitude
: by Larry Olsen & Andy Perala
: The panoramic view from the summit of Mauna Kea offers stunning vistas of
: the Big Island, the Pacific Ocean and interstellar space. But the view has
a
: price. The thin air of the 13,796- foot summit altitude often results in
: unusual physiological responses. At this altitude, oxygen levels are
: approximately 60% that of sea level. Even minor physical effort in this
: rarefied air can leave one gasping for breath. Summit visitors and workers
: should be aware of the nature of hypoxia - the deficiency of oxygen in the
: ...................

--
当时明月在，曾照彩云归——



※ 来源:·BBS 未名空间站 海外: mitbbs.com 中国: mitbbs.cn·[FROM: 67.170.]

发信人: TrueCabbage (醋溜圆白菜~青菜豆腐), 信区: Climbing
标 题: Re: 关于高海拔适应的一篇文章
发信站: BBS 未名空间站 (Wed Jul 2 03:10:00 2008), 转信

我好像已经2周没喝咖啡了

睡眠我估计是多不了了,每次爬山之前我都严重缺觉,然后到营地补去,呵呵

最后一条我准备试试

【 在 dai (逝者如斯·天堂里亦当有青山碧水) 的大作中提到: 】
: 标 题: Re: 关于高海拔适应的一篇文章
: 发信站: BBS 未名空间站 (Wed Jul 2 03:07:32 2008), 转信
:
: To Rainier climbers：
: 还有10天左右时间，需要开始为适应海拔作一些准备了：
: 1.加大饮水量，暂时戒掉咖啡
: 2.开始多休息，最后几天要travel，肯定影响体力。充足的睡眠能减轻高山反应。
: 3.准备一些Ginger Tea, Crystallized ginger，到了上面吃，
: 对减轻高山反应会有效果。
:
:
: 【 在 dai (逝者如斯·天堂里亦当有青山碧水) 的大作中提到: 】
: : W.M. Keck Observatory
: : Adjustments to Altitude
: : by Larry Olsen & Andy Perala
: : The panoramic view from the summit of Mauna Kea offers stunning vistas
of
: : the Big Island, the Pacific Ocean and interstellar space. But the view
has
: a
: : price. The thin air of the 13,796- foot summit altitude often results
in
: : unusual physiological responses. At this altitude, oxygen levels are
: : approximately 60% that of sea level. Even minor physical effort in this
: : rarefied air can leave one gasping for breath. Summit visitors and
workers
: : should be aware of the nature of hypoxia - the deficiency of oxygen in
the
: : ...................
:
: --
: 当时明月在，曾照彩云归——
:
:
:
: ※ 来源:·BBS 未名空间站 海外: mitbbs.com 中国: mitbbs.cn·[FROM: 67.170.]


--
Young guys like racing
Old dogs like escaping



※ 来源:·BBS 未名空间站 海外: mitbbs.com 中国: mitbbs.cn·[FROM: 66.79.]

发信人: dai (逝者如斯·天堂里亦当有青山碧水), 信区: Climbing
标 题: Re: 关于高海拔适应的一篇文章
发信站: BBS 未名空间站 (Wed Jul 2 03:12:51 2008), 转信

Trader Joe's 就有Crystallized ginger卖，Fred Meyer也有散称的

【 在 TrueCabbage (醋溜圆白菜~青菜豆腐) 的大作中提到: 】
: 我好像已经2周没喝咖啡了
: 睡眠我估计是多不了了,每次爬山之前我都严重缺觉,然后到营地补去,呵呵
: 最后一条我准备试试
: of
: has
: in
: workers
: the


--
当时明月在，曾照彩云归——



※ 来源:·BBS 未名空间站 海外: mitbbs.com 中国: mitbbs.cn·[FROM: 67.170.]

发信人: TrueCabbage (醋溜圆白菜~青菜豆腐), 信区: Climbing
标 题: Re: 关于高海拔适应的一篇文章
发信站: BBS 未名空间站 (Wed Jul 2 03:13:35 2008), 转信

是直接吃的? 我去搞点

【 在 dai (逝者如斯·天堂里亦当有青山碧水) 的大作中提到: 】
: 标 题: Re: 关于高海拔适应的一篇文章
: 发信站: BBS 未名空间站 (Wed Jul 2 03:12:51 2008), 转信
:
: Trader Joe's 就有Crystallized ginger卖，Fred Meyer也有散称的
:
: 【 在 TrueCabbage (醋溜圆白菜~青菜豆腐) 的大作中提到: 】
: : 我好像已经2周没喝咖啡了
: : 睡眠我估计是多不了了,每次爬山之前我都严重缺觉,然后到营地补去,呵呵
: : 最后一条我准备试试
: : of
: : has
: : in
: : workers
: : the
:
:
: --
: 当时明月在，曾照彩云归——
:
:
:
: ※ 来源:·BBS 未名空间站 海外: mitbbs.com 中国: mitbbs.cn·[FROM: 67.170.]


--
Young guys like racing
Old dogs like escaping



※ 来源:·BBS 未名空间站 海外: mitbbs.com 中国: mitbbs.cn·[FROM: 66.79.]

发信人: cookiejar (饼干桶), 信区: Climbing
标 题: Re: 关于高海拔适应的一篇文章
发信站: BBS 未名空间站 (Wed Jul 2 03:15:22 2008), 转信

直接吃的。
【 在 TrueCabbage (醋溜圆白菜~青菜豆腐) 的大作中提到: 】
: 是直接吃的? 我去搞点


--
When hell freezes over, we will climb it.



※ 来源:·BBS 未名空间站 海外: mitbbs.com 中国: mitbbs.cn·[FROM: 67.170.]

发信人: TrueCabbage (醋溜圆白菜~青菜豆腐), 信区: Climbing
标 题: Re: 关于高海拔适应的一篇文章
发信站: BBS 未名空间站 (Wed Jul 2 03:16:05 2008), 转信

这个是要提前吃还是觉得自己有反应了才吃?

【 在 cookiejar (饼干桶) 的大作中提到: 】
: 标 题: Re: 关于高海拔适应的一篇文章
: 发信站: BBS 未名空间站 (Wed Jul 2 03:15:22 2008), 转信
:
: 直接吃的。
: 【 在 TrueCabbage (醋溜圆白菜~青菜豆腐) 的大作中提到: 】
: : 是直接吃的? 我去搞点
:
:
: --
: When hell freezes over, we will climb it.
:
:
:
: ※ 来源:·BBS 未名空间站 海外: mitbbs.com 中国: mitbbs.cn·[FROM: 67.170.]


--
Young guys like racing
Old dogs like escaping



※ 来源:·BBS 未名空间站 海外: mitbbs.com 中国: mitbbs.cn·[FROM: 66.79.]

发信人: dai (逝者如斯·天堂里亦当有青山碧水), 信区: Climbing
标 题: Re: 关于高海拔适应的一篇文章
发信站: BBS 未名空间站 (Wed Jul 2 03:17:15 2008), 转信

直接吃的，Trader Joe's在卖干果的地方，
跟什么raisin啦，dry plum啦这种东西放一起。
Fred Meyer散称的东西都在一个地方。

【 在 TrueCabbage (醋溜圆白菜~青菜豆腐) 的大作中提到: 】
: 是直接吃的? 我去搞点


--
当时明月在，曾照彩云归——



※ 来源:·BBS 未名空间站 海外: mitbbs.com 中国: mitbbs.cn·[FROM: 67.170.]

发信人: dai (逝者如斯·天堂里亦当有青山碧水), 信区: Climbing
标 题: Re: 关于高海拔适应的一篇文章
发信站: BBS 未名空间站 (Wed Jul 2 03:17:38 2008), 转信

据说是到了上面就吃

【 在 TrueCabbage (醋溜圆白菜~青菜豆腐) 的大作中提到: 】
: 这个是要提前吃还是觉得自己有反应了才吃?


--
当时明月在，曾照彩云归——



※ 来源:·BBS 未名空间站 海外: mitbbs.com 中国: mitbbs.cn·[FROM: 67.170.]

发信人: cookiejar (饼干桶), 信区: Climbing
标 题: Re: 关于高海拔适应的一篇文章
发信站: BBS 未名空间站 (Wed Jul 2 03:19:46 2008), 转信

提前吃
【 在 TrueCabbage (醋溜圆白菜~青菜豆腐) 的大作中提到: 】
: 这个是要提前吃还是觉得自己有反应了才吃?


--
When hell freezes over, we will climb it.



※ 来源:·BBS 未名空间站 海外: mitbbs.com 中国: mitbbs.cn·[FROM: 67.170.]

发信人: TrueCabbage (醋溜圆白菜~青菜豆腐), 信区: Climbing
标 题: Re: 关于高海拔适应的一篇文章
发信站: BBS 未名空间站 (Wed Jul 2 03:23:57 2008), 转信

好, 到时候买点

【 在 dai (逝者如斯·天堂里亦当有青山碧水) 的大作中提到: 】
: 标 题: Re: 关于高海拔适应的一篇文章
: 发信站: BBS 未名空间站 (Wed Jul 2 03:17:38 2008), 转信
:
: 据说是到了上面就吃
:
: 【 在 TrueCabbage (醋溜圆白菜~青菜豆腐) 的大作中提到: 】
: : 这个是要提前吃还是觉得自己有反应了才吃?
:
:
: --
: 当时明月在，曾照彩云归——
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: ※ 来源:·BBS 未名空间站 海外: mitbbs.com 中国: mitbbs.cn·[FROM: 67.170.]


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Young guys like racing
Old dogs like escaping



※ 来源:·BBS 未名空间站 海外: mitbbs.com 中国: mitbbs.cn·[FROM: 66.79.]

发信人: dai (逝者如斯·天堂里亦当有青山碧水), 信区: Climbing
标 题: Re: 关于高海拔适应的一篇文章
发信站: BBS 未名空间站 (Wed Jul 2 03:25:38 2008), 转信

如果忘记买了，也可以直接带生姜，就是比较难吃:P

【 在 TrueCabbage (醋溜圆白菜~青菜豆腐) 的大作中提到: 】
: 好, 到时候买点


--
当时明月在，曾照彩云归——



※ 来源:·BBS 未名空间站 海外: mitbbs.com 中国: mitbbs.cn·[FROM: 67.170.]

发信人: cookiejar (饼干桶), 信区: Climbing
标 题: Re: 关于高海拔适应的一篇文章
发信站: BBS 未名空间站 (Wed Jul 2 03:25:59 2008), 转信

那会出人命的
【 在 dai (逝者如斯·天堂里亦当有青山碧水) 的大作中提到: 】
: 如果忘记买了，也可以直接带生姜，就是比较难吃:P


--
When hell freezes over, we will climb it.



※ 来源:·BBS 未名空间站 海外: mitbbs.com 中国: mitbbs.cn·[FROM: 67.170.]

发信人: TrueCabbage (醋溜圆白菜~青菜豆腐), 信区: Climbing
标 题: Re: 关于高海拔适应的一篇文章
发信站: BBS 未名空间站 (Wed Jul 2 03:27:31 2008), 转信

我喜欢吃姜, 生的也能吃下去,呵呵

【 在 dai (逝者如斯·天堂里亦当有青山碧水) 的大作中提到: 】
: 标 题: Re: 关于高海拔适应的一篇文章
: 发信站: BBS 未名空间站 (Wed Jul 2 03:25:38 2008), 转信
:
: 如果忘记买了，也可以直接带生姜，就是比较难吃:P
:
: 【 在 TrueCabbage (醋溜圆白菜~青菜豆腐) 的大作中提到: 】
: : 好, 到时候买点
:
:
: --
: 当时明月在，曾照彩云归——
:
:
:
: ※ 来源:·BBS 未名空间站 海外: mitbbs.com 中国: mitbbs.cn·[FROM: 67.170.]


--
Young guys like racing
Old dogs like escaping



※ 来源:·BBS 未名空间站 海外: mitbbs.com 中国: mitbbs.cn·[FROM: 66.79.]

发信人: dai (逝者如斯·天堂里亦当有青山碧水), 信区: Climbing
标 题: Re: 关于高海拔适应的一篇文章
发信站: BBS 未名空间站 (Wed Jul 2 03:36:43 2008), 转信

太猛了！呵呵

【 在 TrueCabbage (醋溜圆白菜~青菜豆腐) 的大作中提到: 】
: 我喜欢吃姜, 生的也能吃下去,呵呵


--
当时明月在，曾照彩云归——



※ 来源:·BBS 未名空间站 海外: mitbbs.com 中国: mitbbs.cn·[FROM: 67.170.]